Every marker we run,
explained for your body.

GlycanAge measures the glycosylation pattern of IgG antibodies, a highly sensitive molecular clock of biological aging and immune fitness.

The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel covers glucose, kidney function, liver enzymes, electrolytes, and protein in one draw.

Pancreatic enzyme that digests carbohydrates; elevated in acute pancreatitis, salivary gland disorders, and some GI conditions.

Pancreatic enzyme that digests fats; more specific to pancreatic injury than amylase and stays elevated longer.

A protease inhibitor cleared exclusively by the kidney; more accurate than creatinine for measuring GFR, especially in early kidney disease.

The standard cardiovascular screening panel measuring total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.

The Omega-3 Index measures EPA + DHA as a percentage of total red blood cell fatty acids; a strong cardiovascular risk marker.

Antinuclear antibody screen detects autoantibodies that attack the cell nucleus; the primary screen for systemic autoimmune disease.

Complement proteins are key innate immune effectors; low levels indicate consumption by active immune complex disease.

Interleukin-6 is a master pro-inflammatory cytokine driving acute-phase protein production and immune activation.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a central inflammatory mediator that, when chronically elevated, drives insulin resistance, muscle wasting, and depression.

Stool calprotectin reflects neutrophil activity in the intestinal lining; the gold-standard non-invasive screen for intestinal inflammation.

Zonulin regulates tight junctions between intestinal cells; elevated levels signal increased intestinal permeability.

Secretory IgA is the dominant antibody of mucosal immunity and the first line of defense in the gut lining.

A composite score of gut bacterial species richness and evenness; higher diversity correlates with better metabolic and immune health.

SCFAs produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber feed colonocytes, reinforce the gut barrier, and regulate immune tone.

TIBC measures the blood's capacity to transport iron, the indirect inverse marker of iron stores.

APOE encodes apolipoprotein E, which regulates lipid transport and brain amyloid clearance; the ε4 allele elevates Alzheimer's risk.

Telomeres cap chromosomes and shorten with each cell division; length reflects replicative history and cumulative oxidative stress.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 mediates growth hormone's effects on muscle, bone, and organ repair; a key longevity axis marker.

A 4-point salivary cortisol curve maps the entire diurnal rhythm, revealing whether the HPA axis rises, peaks, and falls normally.

Pineal hormone that regulates circadian rhythm and sleep onset; suppressed by artificial light and stress-driven cortisol elevation.

DNA methylation clocks calculate biological age from epigenetic marks on hundreds of CpG sites; the most validated measure of aging pace.

Adrenal steroid precursor — used to investigate pathways upstream of cortisol and sex hormones.

A progesterone precursor in the cortisol synthesis pathway; elevated levels signal congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

An androgen precursor produced by both adrenal glands and ovaries; elevated in PCOS and adrenal hyperplasia.

Secreted by small antral follicles, AMH is the most stable and cycle-independent measure of ovarian reserve.

The most abundant adrenal hormone and key precursor to sex steroids; declines steadily after age 30.

Unconjugated DHEA — shorter-lived than DHEA-S and more responsive to acute stress.

Potent androgen converted from testosterone by 5-alpha reductase.

The primary estrogen driving the menstrual cycle, bone density, and cardiovascular protection.

Mass-spec ultrasensitive estradiol — reliable at the low concentrations common in menopause and on GnRH-agonist therapy.

Weakest of the three major estrogens — produced mainly by the placenta.

Sum of estradiol, estrone, and estriol — a broad estrogen status snapshot.

The primary estrogen in menopause — produced mainly from adipose conversion of androstenedione.

Follicle stimulating hormone drives follicular development; elevated basal FSH signals diminished ovarian reserve.

Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation; the LH-to-FSH ratio is a key diagnostic ratio in PCOS evaluation.

The master steroid hormone precursor synthesized from cholesterol; converted to DHEA, progesterone, cortisol, and all sex steroids.

The calming, cycle-stabilizing hormone produced after ovulation; a direct readout of whether ovulation actually occurred.

Mass-spec progesterone — more accurate at low levels and when contraceptives may interfere.

Pituitary hormone primarily responsible for lactation; elevated levels outside pregnancy suppress ovulation and libido.

Sex hormone binding globulin controls how much free testosterone and estradiol is biologically available to tissues.

The biologically active fraction of testosterone not bound to carrier proteins, reflecting true androgen status.

Total testosterone including both protein-bound and free fractions; the standard initial androgen screen.

Bilirubin level in a newborn — screens for jaundice and hemolytic disease.

Glucose concentration in amniotic fluid — investigated in specific obstetric workups.

50-gram glucose challenge using the more sensitive 135 mg/dL cutoff.

50-gram glucose challenge at the more traditional 140 mg/dL cutoff.

Tests for rubella (German measles) immunity — critical before pregnancy.

Urine pregnancy test — the standard home and point-of-care check.

Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the placenta; quantitative levels track implantation and early pregnancy development.

An inactive T4 metabolite that competes with free T3 at receptor sites; elevated by chronic stress, inflammation, and caloric restriction.

Total T3 measures all circulating triiodothyronine — the biologically active thyroid hormone that drives metabolism.

Indirect measure of thyroid-binding-globulin availability.

Free T3 is the metabolically active thyroid hormone fraction available for cellular uptake.

Free thyroxine is the main thyroid hormone available to tissues for conversion to the active T3 form.

Dialysis-based free T4 — the reference standard for free T4 measurement.

TSH is the pituitary signal driving thyroid output; the most sensitive measure of overall thyroid axis status.

TSH screen with automatic free T4 reflex if TSH is abnormal.

Autoantibodies targeting thyroglobulin, the protein scaffold for thyroid hormone production; co-marker for Hashimoto's.

Cascaded thyroid panel that reflexes from TSH to free T4 to antibodies as indicated.

Autoantibodies attacking the thyroid enzyme responsible for hormone synthesis; the hallmark of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Cortisol precursor used to evaluate adrenal steroid synthesis and rule out enzyme deficiencies in the cortisol pathway.

Pituitary hormone that drives cortisol production — the best test to distinguish pituitary from adrenal causes of HPA-axis problems.

Adrenal hormone that regulates sodium, potassium, and blood pressure via the kidneys.

Morning cortisol captures the cortisol awakening response — the highest daily peak and the best index of HPA axis competence.

Evening cortisol, which should be near the daily low. Elevated PM cortisol signals a shifted or hyperactive stress response.

Single-point total serum cortisol reflecting acute HPA-axis output.

Mass-spec total cortisol, the most specific method — free of immunoassay interference.

Ferritin is the intracellular iron storage protein; the most sensitive single marker of iron stores before anemia develops.

Enzyme deficiency screen associated with episodic hemolytic anemia.

The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells — the WHO-standard definition of anemia.

Circulating serum iron — a snapshot of iron in transit rather than in storage.

Total count of red blood cells per unit volume of blood.

Screens for sickle cell trait or disease via hemoglobin electrophoresis.

Iron-transport protein — rises when iron stores are depleted.

Total serum calcium — the most common bone-and-mineral screen, reflecting both protein-bound and ionized calcium.

24-hour urinary calcium excretion — the reference test for hypercalciuria and kidney-stone workup.

The metabolically active fraction of calcium, independent of serum protein levels.

Bone resorption marker reflecting active breakdown of type I collagen.

Parathyroid hormone, the master regulator of calcium and bone turnover.

Serum phosphorus, tightly co-regulated with calcium by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.

25-hydroxyvitamin D is the storage form of vitamin D and the best index of overall vitamin D status.

Screens for antinuclear antibodies and reflexes to an 11-antibody confirmation panel when positive.

ANA screen with reflex to dsDNA antibodies when positive.

IFA-based ANA screen with reflex to titer, pattern, and an 11-antibody multiplex panel — the most comprehensive autoimmune entry point.

IFA-based ANA screen that reflexes to titer and staining pattern when positive.

Antiphospholipid antibody used in the workup of antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipid antibody, IgM isotype — typically reflects more recent immune activation.

Highly specific antibody against citrullinated peptides — the best single test for rheumatoid arthritis.

ANCA subtype associated with microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis.

IgM antibody directed against the Fc portion of IgG — an older but still useful autoimmune marker.

Highly specific autoantibody for celiac disease, with reflex to titer when positive.

Celiac-related antibody particularly useful in IgA-deficient patients.

First-line celiac screen with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

Celiac screen used when selective IgA deficiency is suspected or confirmed.

Captures short-term glucose excursions — fills the gap between fasting glucose and HbA1c.

Anti-inflammatory fat-cell hormone that improves insulin sensitivity; inversely proportional to visceral fat.

Co-secreted with insulin in equal amounts; reflects endogenous insulin production and helps distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes.

Glycated albumin — a 2–3 week snapshot of glucose control.

Fasting serum glucose — the first-line screen for diabetes and hypoglycemia.

One-hour post-glucose-load reading — sensitive for early glucose intolerance.

Two-hour post-glucose-load reading — the diagnostic threshold for diabetes and gestational diabetes.

Plasma glucose measurement — slightly different handling than serum.

Qualitative glucose in urine — an old, cheap screen for marked hyperglycemia.

Non-fasting glucose — used opportunistically or to diagnose symptomatic diabetes.

HbA1c reflects the 3-month average blood glucose by measuring glycation of red blood cells.

Combined A1c with reflex to 1,5-AG when results are borderline.

Fasting insulin is the earliest biomarker of insulin resistance, rising years before blood glucose or A1c shifts.

Insulin at two hours after a glucose load — defines hyperinsulinemia.

Mass-spec insulin — avoids cross-reactivity with proinsulin and other fragments.

Satiety hormone secreted by fat cells that signals the brain to stop eating; resistance leads to persistent hunger despite adequate stores.

The principal protein of HDL — a direct measure of the cholesterol-clearance machinery.

ApoB counts the total number of atherogenic particles (LDL, VLDL, IDL); a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than LDL-C.

General inflammation marker — elevated in infection, autoimmune disease, and tissue injury.

Sum of all cholesterol in the blood — the oldest cardiovascular marker and still a useful trend line.

Directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol — more accurate than calculated LDL at high triglyceride levels.

So-called "good" cholesterol that helps clear LDL from arteries.

An inflammatory amino acid produced from methionine; elevated levels damage the endothelium and increase clot risk.

A genetically determined modified LDL particle with both atherogenic and pro-thrombotic properties; largely unaffected by diet.

Vascular-specific inflammation marker — elevated when atherosclerotic plaque is active.

Oxidized LDL — the form of LDL that actually drives plaque formation.

Gut-microbiome-derived metabolite linked to atherosclerosis and kidney disease.

Fasting blood triglycerides — a core metabolic and cardiovascular marker.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein measures systemic vascular inflammation, a key driver of atherosclerotic plaque rupture.

Small dense LDL — the most atherogenic LDL subtype, measured directly.

Liver enzyme released when hepatocytes are damaged — the most specific liver-injury marker.

Most abundant serum protein — reflects liver synthetic function, nutrition, and inflammation.

Enzyme produced in liver and bone — used to investigate biliary disease, pregnancy, and bone turnover.

Liver and muscle enzyme — less liver-specific than ALT but useful in ratios.

Conjugated bilirubin — elevated in biliary obstruction and hepatocellular disease.

Sum of direct and indirect bilirubin — the general marker of bilirubin turnover.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase is a sensitive liver and bile duct enzyme elevated by alcohol, fatty liver, and many medications.

Prealbumin reflects very recent nutritional status with a short 2-day half-life versus albumin's 20 days.

Sum of albumin and globulin fractions — a general screen of liver and immune-protein synthesis.

24-hour urinary creatinine — used to validate collection completeness and calculate creatinine clearance.

Random urinary creatinine — used to normalize other urine markers like albumin and protein.

Quantifies total daily urine protein — the reference standard for proteinuria.

Measures urine concentration — reflects kidney concentrating ability and hydration.

Blood urea nitrogen — a byproduct of protein metabolism that reflects kidney function and hydration.

End product of purine metabolism; elevated by fructose, alcohol, and high-protein diets; the driver of gout.

Random-void urine protein, typically interpreted as a ratio to creatinine.

Major extracellular anion — paired with sodium to assess acid-base balance and hydration.

Magnesium is a cofactor in 300+ enzymatic reactions including ATP production, DNA repair, and muscle relaxation.

Red blood cell magnesium — a better measure of tissue magnesium stores than serum.

Potassium measured from plasma — less susceptible to cell-lysis artifact than serum.

Standard serum potassium — essential for cardiac rhythm, muscle, and kidney function.

Primary extracellular cation — reflects water balance and ADH regulation.

Mitochondrial cofactor essential for cellular energy production; depleted by statin therapy.

Essential trace mineral; imbalance with zinc disrupts energy, mood, and iron handling.

RBC folate reflects tissue folate stores accumulated over 3 months, unlike serum folate which reflects only recent intake.

Serum folate — a snapshot of recent dietary folate intake.

Spot urinary iodine — the WHO-endorsed population marker of iodine status.

The essential building block of thyroid hormones; both deficiency and excess disrupt thyroid function.

Functional marker of B12 deficiency — rises before serum B12 falls.

Micronutrient-panel measurement of CoQ10.

Plasma copper as part of a broader trace-mineral panel.

Folate measurement within a broader micronutrient panel.

Iron measurement within a broader micronutrient panel.

RBC magnesium as part of a broader micronutrient panel.

Blood selenium as part of a broader micronutrient panel.

Vitamin A (retinol) measurement as part of a broader panel.

Thiamine measurement within a broader panel — a cofactor critical for glucose metabolism.

Vitamin B12 measurement within a broader panel.

Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate (active B6) as part of a broader panel.

Vitamin C measurement within a broader panel.

Plasma zinc as part of a broader micronutrient panel.

Essential cofactor for thyroid peroxidase and deiodinase enzymes; required for T4-to-T3 conversion.

Retinol (active vitamin A) — essential for vision, skin, and reproductive health.

Vitamin B12 is essential for myelin synthesis, red blood cell formation, and methionine recycling from homocysteine.

Riboflavin — a cofactor for energy metabolism, iron utilization, and migraine prevention.

Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate — the active form of vitamin B6.

Ascorbic acid — essential for collagen, iron absorption, and adrenal function.

Fat-soluble vitamin essential for clotting and bone health.

Zinc is essential for immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and sense of taste and smell.

Bacterial culture of a urine sample with sensitivity testing — the reference test for UTI diagnosis.

Detects recent or reactivated cytomegalovirus infection.

Marker of active or reactivated Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Two-tier Lyme screen — ELISA followed by Western blot when positive.

Fibrin-degradation marker used to rule out acute clotting events like DVT and PE.

Functional clotting protein and acute-phase reactant.

Count of clot-forming cells — screens for bleeding disorders and immune thrombocytopenia.

Pituitary hormone involved in tissue repair, metabolism, and body composition.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a broad non-specific marker of inflammation; useful for monitoring inflammatory disease activity.

Measures recent arsenic exposure from water, rice, and seafood.

Measures recent cadmium exposure — a long-lived toxin linked to bone and kidney harm.

Measures circulating lead — the definitive test for lead exposure.

Measures recent mercury exposure, primarily from seafood.

Micronutrient-panel version of blood arsenic — used to contextualize trace-metal balance.

Micronutrient-panel version of blood cadmium testing.

Micronutrient-panel version of venous lead — included as part of broader trace-metal profiling.

Micronutrient-panel version of blood mercury.

Waste product filtered by the kidneys; used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function.

The percentage of lymphocytes in the white blood cell differential; reflects immune system activity and adaptive immunity.

Mean corpuscular volume — the average size of red blood cells; elevated when B12 or folate is insufficient.

Red cell distribution width — measures variability in red blood cell size; elevated RDW reflects oxidative stress and heterogeneity of cell production.

Total white blood cell count; elevated levels indicate infection, chronic inflammation, or immune activation.

Serum bicarbonate reflects the body's acid-base balance; low values can indicate metabolic acidosis.

Red blood cell count — the total number of circulating RBCs; used alongside hemoglobin and hematocrit to assess anemia.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin — the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell; low MCH accompanies iron-deficiency anemia.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration — the average hemoglobin concentration per cell; low MCHC is classic for iron-deficiency anemia.

The percentage of neutrophils in the white cell differential; elevated in bacterial infection, stress, and steroid use.

Monocytes are the precursors to tissue macrophages; elevated percentages are seen in chronic infections, inflammatory disease, and recovery from acute illness.

Eosinophils respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections; persistent elevation warrants investigation.

Basophils are the rarest white cell; mildly elevated counts can accompany allergic inflammation or thyroid disease.

Total count of white blood cells; the front-line defense of the immune system.

Total red blood cell count; used alongside hemoglobin and hematocrit to assess anemia.

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; the primary measure of anemia severity.

The fraction of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

Mean corpuscular volume — the average size of red blood cells; elevated in B12/folate deficiency, low in iron deficiency.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin — the average amount of hemoglobin per red cell; low MCH is an early signal of iron depletion.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration — classic for iron-deficiency anemia when low.

Red cell distribution width — measures variability in red cell size; elevated RDW reflects oxidative stress and mixed deficiencies.

The circulating particles that initiate clotting; low counts increase bleeding risk, high counts can reflect inflammation or iron deficiency.

Mean platelet volume — larger platelets are more reactive; elevated MPV is associated with cardiovascular and thrombotic risk.

Absolute count of neutrophils — the first responders to bacterial infection.

Immature neutrophils (bands) — elevated counts (left shift) indicate acute bacterial infection or bone marrow stress.

Immature granulocyte precursors; presence in blood indicates bone marrow stress or severe infection.

Granulocyte precursors; circulating myelocytes indicate abnormal bone marrow release.

Very early granulocyte precursors; their presence in blood is abnormal and requires urgent evaluation.

Absolute count of lymphocytes — key mediators of adaptive immunity including T and B cells.

Absolute monocytes; these differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue.

Absolute eosinophils; respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Absolute basophils — the rarest white cell, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.

Blast cells in peripheral blood; any presence is abnormal and requires immediate haematology referral.

Nucleated red blood cells in peripheral blood; normally only present in foetal circulation and severe anaemia.

Percentage of neutrophils in the white cell differential; elevated in bacterial infection and stress.

Percentage of band (immature) neutrophils; elevated in acute bacterial infection.

Percentage of metamyelocytes; should be absent from normal peripheral blood.

Percentage of myelocytes; absent from normal blood.

Percentage of promyelocytes; absent from normal blood.

Percentage of lymphocytes in the white cell differential; reflects adaptive immunity.

Atypical (reactive) lymphocytes; elevated in viral infections such as EBV and CMV.

Percentage of monocytes; elevated in chronic infections and inflammatory conditions.

Percentage of eosinophils; elevated in allergic and parasitic conditions.

Percentage of basophils; mildly elevated counts can accompany allergic inflammation or thyroid disease.

Percentage of blasts; absent from normal blood. Any presence requires urgent evaluation.

Nucleated RBCs per 100 WBCs; should be absent in normal adults.

Pathologist or automated comment on peripheral blood findings.

Fasting serum glucose — the primary screen for diabetes and metabolic dysfunction.

Blood urea nitrogen — a kidney filtration marker; elevated with dehydration or renal impairment.

Muscle waste product filtered by the kidneys; used to estimate GFR.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate — the best single-number indicator of kidney function, calculated from creatinine using CKD-EPI.

The ratio of BUN to creatinine; helps distinguish pre-renal from intrinsic kidney causes of elevated BUN.

Primary extracellular cation; regulates fluid balance and nerve/muscle function.

Primary intracellular cation; critical for heart rhythm, muscle contraction, and nerve signalling.

The main anion that balances sodium; used to evaluate acid-base and electrolyte status.

Serum bicarbonate reflecting the body's acid-base reserve; low values can indicate metabolic acidosis.

Total serum calcium; critical for bone density, muscle contraction, and nerve signalling.

Total serum protein (albumin + globulins); reflects overall nutritional status and liver and immune function.

The most abundant serum protein; reflects liver synthetic function, nutrition, and systemic inflammation.

Calculated globulin fraction (total protein minus albumin); includes immunoglobulins, clotting factors, and transport proteins.

The A/G ratio; a low ratio (reversed) can indicate autoimmune disease, liver disease, or malignancy.

The breakdown product of haemoglobin; elevated in liver disease, haemolysis, or bile duct obstruction.

Enzyme produced in liver and bone; elevated in cholestasis, bone disease, and pregnancy.

Aspartate aminotransferase — liver and muscle enzyme; elevated with hepatocellular damage or intense exercise.

Alanine aminotransferase — the most specific liver enzyme; elevated in hepatitis, fatty liver, and medication toxicity.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein — the most sensitive blood measure of systemic low-grade inflammation.